Xisaabiyaha IPv4 Subnet

Geli IP iyo CIDR ama subnet mask si aad u hesho network-ga, host-yada la isticmaali karo, cinwaanka broadcast iyo tirada host-yada.

Gelinta IPv4
CIDR block
Natiijooyinka subnet-ka
Cinwaanka Network-ga
Kan ugu horreeya ee la isticmaali karo
Kan ugu dambeeya ee la isticmaali karo
Cinwaanka Broadcast
Subnet mask
Wildcard mask
Wadar cinwaannada
Host-yada la isticmaali karo
Host bits
Network-ga oo binary ah
Geli IP-cinwaan IPv4 iyo CIDR ama mask.

IP-gaaga iyo mask-gaaga waxaa lagu xisaabiyaa biraawsarkaaga dhexdiisa. Waxba looma soo geliyo BroBroGo.

Su'aalaha badanaa la isweydiiyo

Ma gelin karaa CIDR ama subnet mask dhibco leh?

Haa. Isticmaal /24, 24, ama mask dhibco leh tusaale ahaan 255.255.255.0. Xisaabiyuhu wuxuu sidoo kale aqbalayaa IP loo qoray sidii 192.168.1.10/24.

Maxay /31 iyo /32 u muujinayaan tirooyin aan caadi ahayn oo la isticmaali karo?

Shabakadaha /31 waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa isku-xirka dhibic-ilaa-dhibic (point-to-point), halkaas oo labada cinwaanba la isticmaali karo. /32 wuxuu u taagan yahay hal host, markaa hal cinwaan ayaa loo muujiyay inuu yahay mid la isticmaali karo.

Miyuu kan ii sheegayaa haddii cinwaanku yahay mid guud (public) ama mid gaar ah (private)?

Maya. Qalabkani wuxuu diiradda saaraa xuduudaha subnet-ka: network, broadcast, kala-duwanaanshaha iyo tirada. Haddii cinwaanku yahay mid guud ama mid gaar ah waxay ku xiran tahay shabakadda uu ka tirsan yahay.

Waxaa qortay oo dib u eegtay kooxda tafatirka ee BroBroGo.Markii ugu dambaysay ee la cusboonaysiiyay:

Qalabkani wuxuu xisaabiyaa faahfaahinta shabakada ee kala duwan isagoo isticmaalaya cinwaanka IPv4 iyo subnet mask ama CIDR prefix. Marka la geliyo xogta, qalabku wuxuu soo saaraa macluumaad muhiim ah oo ay ka mid yihiin cinwaanka network-ga, kala-duwanaanshaha IP-yada la isticmaali karo, cinwaanka broadcast-ka, iyo tirada guud ee cinwaannada iyo host-yada la isticmaali karo ee ku dhex jira subnet-kaas.

Xisaabinta oo dhan waxay si toos ah uga dhacdaa biraawsarkaaga dhexdiisa. IP-gaaga iyo mask-gaaga waxaa lagu xisaabiyaa biraawsarkaaga dhexdiisa. Waxba looma soo geliyo BroBroGo.

Sida loo isticmaalo qalabka iyo xogta la geliyo

Si aad u bilowdo xisaabinta, qalabku wuxuu u baahan yahay laba xogood oo muhiim ah:

  • IP-cinwaan: Geli cinwaanka IPv4, tusaale ahaan 192.168.1.10. Waxaad sidoo kale geli kartaa cinwaan ay ku dhex jirto CIDR, sida 192.168.1.10/24.
  • CIDR ama mask: Geli CIDR prefix (tusaale, /24 ama 24) ama subnet mask oo dhibco leh (tusaale, 255.255.255.0).

Markaad gujiso "Tusaale", qalabku wuxuu si toos ah u soo rarayaa IP iyo mask tusaale ah, iyadoo heerka shaqadu uu muujin doono "Tusaalihii waa la raray.". Haddii aad rabto inaad dib u bilowdo xisaabinta, gujinta "Nadiifi" waxay dib u dejineysaa dhammaan xogta la geliyay iyo natiijooyinka soo baxay, iyadoo heerka shaqadu uu isku beddelay aqoonsiga "Waa la nadiifiyay.". Sidoo kale, gujinta qiime kasta oo ka mid ah natiijooyinka la xisaabiyay waxay si toos ah ugu koobiyaysaa clipboard-kaaga.

Fahamka natiijooyinka xisaabinta subnet-ka

Marka xogta la geliyo la farsameeyo, qalabku wuxuu soo saaraa natiijooyinka soo socda:

  • Cinwaanka Network-ga: Cinwaanka aqoonsiga ee shabakada.
  • CIDR block: Habka qoraalka gaaban ee shabakada (tusaale, /24).
  • Kan ugu horreeya ee la isticmaali karo: IP-ga ugu horreeya ee loo qoondeyn karo aalad.
  • Kan ugu dambeeya ee la isticmaali karo: IP-ga ugu dambeeya ee loo qoondeyn karo aalad.
  • Cinwaanka Broadcast: Cinwaanka loo isticmaalo in fariimaha loogu diro dhammaan aaladaha shabakada ku jira.
  • Subnet mask: Maaskarada loo isticmaalo in lagu kala saaro qaybta network-ga iyo qaybta host-ka.
  • Wildcard mask: Maaskarada rogan ee loo isticmaalo liisaska xakamaynta gelitaanka (ACLs).
  • Wadar cinwaannada: Tirada guud ee cinwaannada IP-ga ee ku dhex jira subnet-ka.
  • Host-yada la isticmaali karo: Tirada cinwaannada IP-ga ee dhabta ah ee loo qoondeyn karo aaladaha.
  • Host bits: Tirada bit-yada loo qoondeeyay qaybta host-ka.
  • Network-ga oo binary ah: Muujinta cinwaanka network-ga ee nidaamka binary-ga (0 iyo 1).

Xeerarka gaarka ah iyo xaaladaha xaddidan

Xisaabiyuhu wuxuu raacaa xeerar adag oo dhanka isku-xirka shabakadaha ah si uu u hubiyo saxnaanta natiijooyinka:

  • CIDR prefix-yada la gelinayo waa inay u dhexeeyaan /0 iyo /32.
  • Haddii subnet mask-ga la geliyay uusan ahayn mid isku xira (non-contiguous), qalabku wuxuu muujinayaa "Subnet mask-gaasi ma aha mid isku xira.".
  • Shabakadaha /31, maadaama loo isticmaalo isku-xirka tooska ah, "Host-yada la isticmaali karo" waxay muujin doontaa 2 (point-to-point).
  • Shabakadaha /32, oo u taagan hal aalad oo keliya, "Host-yada la isticmaali karo" waxay muujin doontaa 1 (single host).
  • Haddii hal IP oo keliya uu ku jiro kala-duwanaanshaha la isticmaali karo, qaybaha "Kan ugu horreeya ee la isticmaali karo" iyo "Kan ugu dambeeya ee la isticmaali karo" waxay muujin doonaan IP-gaas oo ay la socoto ereyga "kaliya", tusaale ahaan 192.168.1.10 kaliya.

Haddii xogta la geliyay ay khaldan tahay ama ay maqan tahay, qalabku wuxuu muujinayaa fariimahan khaldadaad ee soo socda:

  • Haddii IP-ga la gelinayo uu maran yahay: "Geli IP-cinwaan IPv4.".
  • Haddii qaabka IP-ga uu khaldan yahay: "Geli IP-cinwaan IPv4 oo sax ah tusaale ahaan 192.168.1.10.".
  • Haddii CIDR ama mask ay maran tahay: "Geli CIDR prefix ama subnet mask.".
  • Haddii qaabka CIDR ama mask uu khaldan yahay: "Geli mask tusaale ahaan /24 ama 255.255.255.0.".

Falanqaynta farsamo ee IPv4 iyo Subnetting

Cinwaanka IPv4 wuxuu ka kooban yahay 32 bits oo loo qaybiyay afar qaybood (octets) oo midkiiba yahay 8 bits, kuwaas oo lagu kala saaro dhibco. Subnetting-ku waa habka loo qaybiyo shabakad weyn shabakado yaryar oo madaxbannaan. Habkani wuxuu caawiyaa maamulidda taraafikada shabakada iyo hagaajinta amniga.

Doorka Subnet Mask iyo Wildcard Mask

Subnet mask-gu wuxuu go'aamiyaa xadka u dhexeeya qaybta network-ga iyo qaybta host-ka ee cinwaanka IP-ga. Marka la eego nidaamka binary-ga, subnet mask-gu wuxuu ka kooban yahay taxane ah 1-aan oo isku xiran oo ay ku xigaan taxane 0-aan ah.

Wildcard mask-ga, oo inta badan loo isticmaalo qaabaynta router-ada iyo liisaska xakamaynta gelitaanka (ACLs), waa ka liddiga subnet mask-ga. Waxaa lagu helaa iyadoo laga gooyo subnet mask-ga cinwaanka ugu sarreeya ee ah 255.255.255.255. Tusaale ahaan, haddii subnet mask-gu yahay 255.255.255.0, wildcard mask-gu wuxuu noqonayaa 0.0.0.255.

Host Bits iyo Xisaabinta Tirada Host-yada

Tirada host bits ee ku haray subnet-ka ayaa go'aamisa inta cinwaan ee shabakadaas laga heli karo. Formula-ha loo isticmaalo xisaabinta wadarta cinwaannada waa 2ⁿ, halka n ay tahay tirada host bits-ka. Si loo helo host-yada la isticmaali karo, waxaa caadi ahaan laga gooyaa 2 cinwaan (cinwaanka network-ga iyo kan broadcast-ka), taas oo ka dhigaysa formula-ha 2ⁿ − 2. Xeerkani wuxuu isbeddelaa marka la joogo shabakadaha gaarka ah ee /31 iyo /32.

Su'aalaha badanaa la isweydiiyo (FAQ)

Ma gelin karaa CIDR ama subnet mask dhibco leh?
Haa. Isticmaal /24, 24, ama mask dhibco leh tusaale ahaan 255.255.255.0. Xisaabiyuhu wuxuu sidoo kale aqbalayaa IP loo qoray sidii 192.168.1.10/24.

Maxay /31 iyo /32 u muujinayaan tirooyin aan caadi ahayn oo la isticmaali karo?
Shabakadaha /31 waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa isku-xirka dhibic-ilaa-dhibic (point-to-point), halkaas oo labada cinwaanba la isticmaali karo. /32 wuxuu u taagan yahay hal host, markaa hal cinwaan ayaa loo muujiyay inuu yahay mid la isticmaali karo.

Miyuu kan ii sheegayaa haddii cinwaanku yahay mid guud (public) ama mid gaar ah (private)?
Maya. Qalabkani wuxuu diiradda saaraa xuduudaha subnet-ka: network, broadcast, kala-duwanaanshaha iyo tirada. Haddii cinwaanku yahay mid guud ama mid gaar ah waxay ku xiran tahay shabakadda uu ka tirsan yahay.

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